An investigation of the immunotoxicity of oil sands processed water and leachates in trout leukocytes

Highlights • The toxicity of oil sand processed water, leachates and naphthenic acids were examined in isolated fish leukocytes. • The oil sand processed water decreased genes involved in pro-inflammation and increased antigen presentation activity. • The immunotoxicogenic effects of oil sand processed water differed from oil sand leachates, commercial naphtenic acids mixture, benzo(a)pyrene and naphthalene.