Mining projects are only economically viable in areas where the bitumen is relatively close to the surface. These areas are all adjacent to the Athabasca River and so consequently the most viable source of water for mining projects is the river.

For all existing mining operations, fresh water is withdrawn from the Athabasca River and the total volume of water withdrawn is reported to Alberta Environment. This water may be used for municipal or industrial purposes dependent on the licensee and approval issued by Alberta Environment.

Only one oil sands operator has a license to return water to the Athabasca River; this return flow is industrial wastewater that has not come into contact with bitumen and must meet criteria set by Alberta Environment. It is similar to the wastewater released by other industries into waterways and has typically been used for “clean” processes such as cooling. This return flow is also reported to Alberta Environment.